borg/borg/archiver.py

from binascii import unhexlify
from datetime import datetime
from hashlib import sha256
from operator import attrgetter
import argparse
import faulthandler
import functools
import inspect
import os
import re
import shlex
import signal
import stat
import sys
import textwrap
import time
import traceback
import collections

from . import __version__
from .helpers import Error, location_validator, archivename_validator, format_line, format_time, format_file_size, \
    parse_pattern, PathPrefixPattern, to_localtime, timestamp, safe_timestamp, bin_to_hex, \
    get_cache_dir, prune_within, prune_split, \
    Manifest, NoManifestError, remove_surrogates, update_excludes, format_archive, check_extension_modules, Statistics, \
    dir_is_tagged, bigint_to_int, ChunkerParams, CompressionSpec, PrefixSpec, is_slow_msgpack, yes, sysinfo, \
    EXIT_SUCCESS, EXIT_WARNING, EXIT_ERROR, log_multi, PatternMatcher, ErrorIgnoringTextIOWrapper
from .helpers import signal_handler, raising_signal_handler, SigHup, SigTerm
from .logger import create_logger, setup_logging
logger = create_logger()
from .compress import Compressor
from .upgrader import AtticRepositoryUpgrader, BorgRepositoryUpgrader
from .repository import Repository
from .cache import Cache
from .key import key_creator, tam_required_file, tam_required, RepoKey, PassphraseKey
from .keymanager import KeyManager
from .archive import backup_io, BackupOSError, Archive, ArchiveChecker, CHUNKER_PARAMS, is_special
from .remote import RepositoryServer, RemoteRepository, cache_if_remote
from .platform import umount

has_lchflags = hasattr(os, 'lchflags')

# default umask, overriden by --umask, defaults to read/write only for owner
UMASK_DEFAULT = 0o077

DASHES = '-' * 78


def argument(args, str_or_bool):
    """If bool is passed, return it. If str is passed, retrieve named attribute from args."""
    if isinstance(str_or_bool, str):
        return getattr(args, str_or_bool)
    if isinstance(str_or_bool, (list, tuple)):
        return any(getattr(args, item) for item in str_or_bool)
    return str_or_bool


def with_repository(fake=False, invert_fake=False, create=False, lock=True, exclusive=False, manifest=True, cache=False):
    """
    Method decorator for subcommand-handling methods: do_XYZ(self, args, repository, …)

    If a parameter (where allowed) is a str the attribute named of args is used instead.
    :param fake: (str or bool) use None instead of repository, don't do anything else
    :param create: create repository
    :param lock: lock repository
    :param exclusive: (str or bool) lock repository exclusively (for writing)
    :param manifest: load manifest and key, pass them as keyword arguments
    :param cache: open cache, pass it as keyword argument (implies manifest)
    """
    def decorator(method):
        @functools.wraps(method)
        def wrapper(self, args, **kwargs):
            location = args.location  # note: 'location' must be always present in args
            append_only = getattr(args, 'append_only', False)
            if argument(args, fake) ^ invert_fake:
                return method(self, args, repository=None, **kwargs)
            elif location.proto == 'ssh':
                repository = RemoteRepository(location, create=create, exclusive=argument(args, exclusive),
                                              lock_wait=self.lock_wait, lock=lock, append_only=append_only, args=args)
            else:
                repository = Repository(location.path, create=create, exclusive=argument(args, exclusive),
                                        lock_wait=self.lock_wait, lock=lock,
                                        append_only=append_only)
            with repository:
                if manifest or cache:
                    kwargs['manifest'], kwargs['key'] = Manifest.load(repository)
                if cache:
                    with Cache(repository, kwargs['key'], kwargs['manifest'],
                               do_files=getattr(args, 'cache_files', False), lock_wait=self.lock_wait) as cache_:
                        return method(self, args, repository=repository, cache=cache_, **kwargs)
                else:
                    return method(self, args, repository=repository, **kwargs)
        return wrapper
    return decorator


def with_archive(method):
    @functools.wraps(method)
    def wrapper(self, args, repository, key, manifest, **kwargs):
        archive = Archive(repository, key, manifest, args.location.archive,
                          numeric_owner=getattr(args, 'numeric_owner', False), cache=kwargs.get('cache'))
        return method(self, args, repository=repository, manifest=manifest, key=key, archive=archive, **kwargs)
    return wrapper


class Archiver:

    def __init__(self, lock_wait=None):
        self.exit_code = EXIT_SUCCESS
        self.lock_wait = lock_wait

    def print_error(self, msg, *args):
        msg = args and msg % args or msg
        self.exit_code = EXIT_ERROR
        logger.error(msg)

    def print_warning(self, msg, *args):
        msg = args and msg % args or msg
        self.exit_code = EXIT_WARNING  # we do not terminate here, so it is a warning
        logger.warning(msg)

    def print_file_status(self, status, path):
        if self.output_list and (self.output_filter is None or status in self.output_filter):
            logger.info("%1s %s", status, remove_surrogates(path))

    def do_serve(self, args):
        """Start in server mode. This command is usually not used manually.
        """
        return RepositoryServer(restrict_to_paths=args.restrict_to_paths, append_only=args.append_only).serve()

    @with_repository(create=True, exclusive=True, manifest=False)
    def do_init(self, args, repository):
        """Initialize an empty repository"""
        path = args.location.canonical_path()
        logger.info('Initializing repository at "%s"' % path)
        key = key_creator(repository, args)
        manifest = Manifest(key, repository)
        manifest.key = key
        manifest.write()
        repository.commit()
        with Cache(repository, key, manifest, warn_if_unencrypted=False):
            pass
        if key.tam_required:
            tam_file = tam_required_file(repository)
            open(tam_file, 'w').close()
            logger.warning(
                '\n'
                'By default repositories initialized with this version will produce security\n'
                'errors if written to with an older version (up to and including Borg 1.0.8).\n'
                '\n'
                'If you want to use these older versions, you can disable the check by runnning:\n'
                'borg upgrade --disable-tam \'%s\'\n'
                '\n'
                'See https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/changes.html#pre-1-0-9-manifest-spoofing-vulnerability '
                'for details about the security implications.', path)
        return self.exit_code

    @with_repository(exclusive=True, manifest=False)
    def do_check(self, args, repository):
        """Check repository consistency"""
        if args.repair:
            msg = ("'check --repair' is an experimental feature that might result in data loss." +
                   "\n" +
                   "Type 'YES' if you understand this and want to continue: ")
            if not yes(msg, false_msg="Aborting.", invalid_msg="Invalid answer, aborting.",
                       truish=('YES', ), retry=False,
                       env_var_override='BORG_CHECK_I_KNOW_WHAT_I_AM_DOING'):
                return EXIT_ERROR
        if not args.archives_only:
            if not repository.check(repair=args.repair, save_space=args.save_space):
                return EXIT_WARNING
        if not args.repo_only and not ArchiveChecker().check(
                repository, repair=args.repair, archive=args.location.archive,
                last=args.last, prefix=args.prefix, save_space=args.save_space):
            return EXIT_WARNING
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository()
    def do_change_passphrase(self, args, repository, manifest, key):
        """Change repository key file passphrase"""
        if not hasattr(key, 'change_passphrase'):
            print('This repository is not encrypted, cannot change the passphrase.')
            return EXIT_ERROR
        key.change_passphrase()
        logger.info('Key updated')
        if hasattr(key, 'find_key'):
            # print key location to make backing it up easier
            logger.info('Key location: %s', key.find_key())
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository(lock=False, exclusive=False, manifest=False, cache=False)
    def do_key_export(self, args, repository):
        """Export the repository key for backup"""
        manager = KeyManager(repository)
        manager.load_keyblob()
        if args.paper:
            manager.export_paperkey(args.path)
        else:
            if not args.path:
                self.print_error("output file to export key to expected")
                return EXIT_ERROR
            manager.export(args.path)
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository(lock=False, exclusive=False, manifest=False, cache=False)
    def do_key_import(self, args, repository):
        """Import the repository key from backup"""
        manager = KeyManager(repository)
        if args.paper:
            if args.path:
                self.print_error("with --paper import from file is not supported")
                return EXIT_ERROR
            manager.import_paperkey(args)
        else:
            if not args.path:
                self.print_error("input file to import key from expected")
                return EXIT_ERROR
            if not os.path.exists(args.path):
                self.print_error("input file does not exist: " + args.path)
                return EXIT_ERROR
            manager.import_keyfile(args)
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository(manifest=False)
    def do_migrate_to_repokey(self, args, repository):
        """Migrate passphrase -> repokey"""
        manifest_data = repository.get(Manifest.MANIFEST_ID)
        key_old = PassphraseKey.detect(repository, manifest_data)
        key_new = RepoKey(repository)
        key_new.target = repository
        key_new.repository_id = repository.id
        key_new.enc_key = key_old.enc_key
        key_new.enc_hmac_key = key_old.enc_hmac_key
        key_new.id_key = key_old.id_key
        key_new.chunk_seed = key_old.chunk_seed
        key_new.change_passphrase()  # option to change key protection passphrase, save
        logger.info('Key updated')
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository(fake='dry_run', exclusive=True)
    def do_create(self, args, repository, manifest=None, key=None):
        """Create new archive"""
        matcher = PatternMatcher(fallback=True)
        if args.excludes:
            matcher.add(args.excludes, False)

        def create_inner(archive, cache):
            # Add cache dir to inode_skip list
            skip_inodes = set()
            try:
                st = os.stat(get_cache_dir())
                skip_inodes.add((st.st_ino, st.st_dev))
            except OSError:
                pass
            # Add local repository dir to inode_skip list
            if not args.location.host:
                try:
                    st = os.stat(args.location.path)
                    skip_inodes.add((st.st_ino, st.st_dev))
                except OSError:
                    pass
            for path in args.paths:
                if path == '-':  # stdin
                    path = 'stdin'
                    if not dry_run:
                        try:
                            status = archive.process_stdin(path, cache)
                        except BackupOSError as e:
                            status = 'E'
                            self.print_warning('%s: %s', path, e)
                    else:
                        status = '-'
                    self.print_file_status(status, path)
                    continue
                path = os.path.normpath(path)
                if args.one_file_system:
                    try:
                        restrict_dev = os.lstat(path).st_dev
                    except OSError as e:
                        self.print_warning('%s: %s', path, e)
                        continue
                else:
                    restrict_dev = None
                self._process(archive, cache, matcher, args.exclude_caches, args.exclude_if_present,
                              args.keep_tag_files, skip_inodes, path, restrict_dev,
                              read_special=args.read_special, dry_run=dry_run)
            if not dry_run:
                archive.save(timestamp=args.timestamp)
                if args.progress:
                    archive.stats.show_progress(final=True)
                if args.stats:
                    log_multi(DASHES,
                              str(archive),
                              DASHES,
                              str(archive.stats),
                              str(cache),
                              DASHES)

        self.output_filter = args.output_filter
        self.output_list = args.output_list
        self.ignore_inode = args.ignore_inode
        dry_run = args.dry_run
        t0 = datetime.utcnow()
        t0_monotonic = time.monotonic()
        if not dry_run:
            key.compressor = Compressor(**args.compression)
            with Cache(repository, key, manifest, do_files=args.cache_files, lock_wait=self.lock_wait) as cache:
                archive = Archive(repository, key, manifest, args.location.archive, cache=cache,
                                  create=True, checkpoint_interval=args.checkpoint_interval,
                                  numeric_owner=args.numeric_owner, noatime=args.noatime, noctime=args.noctime,
                                  progress=args.progress,
                                  chunker_params=args.chunker_params, start=t0, start_monotonic=t0_monotonic)
                create_inner(archive, cache)
        else:
            create_inner(None, None)
        return self.exit_code

    def _process(self, archive, cache, matcher, exclude_caches, exclude_if_present,
                 keep_tag_files, skip_inodes, path, restrict_dev,
                 read_special=False, dry_run=False):
        if not matcher.match(path):
            return

        try:
            st = os.lstat(path)
        except OSError as e:
            self.print_warning('%s: %s', path, e)
            return
        if (st.st_ino, st.st_dev) in skip_inodes:
            return
        # Entering a new filesystem?
        if restrict_dev is not None and st.st_dev != restrict_dev:
            return
        status = None
        # Ignore if nodump flag is set
        if has_lchflags and (st.st_flags & stat.UF_NODUMP):
            return
        if stat.S_ISREG(st.st_mode):
            if not dry_run:
                try:
                    status = archive.process_file(path, st, cache, self.ignore_inode)
                except BackupOSError as e:
                    status = 'E'
                    self.print_warning('%s: %s', path, e)
        elif stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode):
            tag_paths = dir_is_tagged(path, exclude_caches, exclude_if_present)
            if tag_paths:
                if keep_tag_files and not dry_run:
                    archive.process_dir(path, st)
                    for tag_path in tag_paths:
                        self._process(archive, cache, matcher, exclude_caches, exclude_if_present,
                                      keep_tag_files, skip_inodes, tag_path, restrict_dev,
                                      read_special=read_special, dry_run=dry_run)
                return
            if not dry_run:
                status = archive.process_dir(path, st)
            try:
                entries = os.listdir(path)
            except OSError as e:
                status = 'E'
                self.print_warning('%s: %s', path, e)
            else:
                for filename in sorted(entries):
                    entry_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(path, filename))
                    self._process(archive, cache, matcher, exclude_caches, exclude_if_present,
                                  keep_tag_files, skip_inodes, entry_path, restrict_dev,
                                  read_special=read_special, dry_run=dry_run)
        elif stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode):
            if not dry_run:
                if not read_special:
                    status = archive.process_symlink(path, st)
                else:
                    try:
                        st_target = os.stat(path)
                    except OSError:
                        special = False
                    else:
                        special = is_special(st_target.st_mode)
                    if special:
                        status = archive.process_file(path, st_target, cache)
                    else:
                        status = archive.process_symlink(path, st)
        elif stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
            if not dry_run:
                if not read_special:
                    status = archive.process_fifo(path, st)
                else:
                    status = archive.process_file(path, st, cache)
        elif stat.S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) or stat.S_ISBLK(st.st_mode):
            if not dry_run:
                if not read_special:
                    status = archive.process_dev(path, st)
                else:
                    status = archive.process_file(path, st, cache)
        elif stat.S_ISSOCK(st.st_mode):
            # Ignore unix sockets
            return
        elif stat.S_ISDOOR(st.st_mode):
            # Ignore Solaris doors
            return
        elif stat.S_ISPORT(st.st_mode):
            # Ignore Solaris event ports
            return
        else:
            self.print_warning('Unknown file type: %s', path)
            return
        # Status output
        if status is None:
            if not dry_run:
                status = '?'  # need to add a status code somewhere
            else:
                status = '-'  # dry run, item was not backed up
        self.print_file_status(status, path)

    @staticmethod
    def build_filter(matcher, strip_components=0):
        if strip_components:
            def item_filter(item):
                return matcher.match(item[b'path']) and os.sep.join(item[b'path'].split(os.sep)[strip_components:])
        else:
            def item_filter(item):
                return matcher.match(item[b'path'])
        return item_filter

    @with_repository()
    @with_archive
    def do_extract(self, args, repository, manifest, key, archive):
        """Extract archive contents"""
        # be restrictive when restoring files, restore permissions later
        if sys.getfilesystemencoding() == 'ascii':
            logger.warning('Warning: File system encoding is "ascii", extracting non-ascii filenames will not be supported.')
            if sys.platform.startswith(('linux', 'freebsd', 'netbsd', 'openbsd', 'darwin', )):
                logger.warning('Hint: You likely need to fix your locale setup. E.g. install locales and use: LANG=en_US.UTF-8')

        matcher = PatternMatcher()
        if args.excludes:
            matcher.add(args.excludes, False)

        include_patterns = []

        if args.paths:
            include_patterns.extend(parse_pattern(i, PathPrefixPattern) for i in args.paths)
            matcher.add(include_patterns, True)

        matcher.fallback = not include_patterns

        output_list = args.output_list
        dry_run = args.dry_run
        stdout = args.stdout
        sparse = args.sparse
        strip_components = args.strip_components
        dirs = []
        filter = self.build_filter(matcher, strip_components)
        for item in archive.iter_items(filter, preload=True):
            orig_path = item[b'path']
            if strip_components:
                item[b'path'] = os.sep.join(orig_path.split(os.sep)[strip_components:])
            if not args.dry_run:
                while dirs and not item[b'path'].startswith(dirs[-1][b'path']):
                    dir_item = dirs.pop(-1)
                    try:
                        archive.extract_item(dir_item, stdout=stdout)
                    except BackupOSError as e:
                        self.print_warning('%s: %s', remove_surrogates(dir_item[b'path']), e)
            if output_list:
                logger.info(remove_surrogates(orig_path))
            try:
                if dry_run:
                    archive.extract_item(item, dry_run=True)
                else:
                    if stat.S_ISDIR(item[b'mode']):
                        dirs.append(item)
                        archive.extract_item(item, restore_attrs=False)
                    else:
                        archive.extract_item(item, stdout=stdout, sparse=sparse)
            except BackupOSError as e:
                self.print_warning('%s: %s', remove_surrogates(orig_path), e)

        if not args.dry_run:
            while dirs:
                dir_item = dirs.pop(-1)
                try:
                    archive.extract_item(dir_item)
                except BackupOSError as e:
                    self.print_warning('%s: %s', remove_surrogates(dir_item[b'path']), e)
        for pattern in include_patterns:
            if pattern.match_count == 0:
                self.print_warning("Include pattern '%s' never matched.", pattern)
        return self.exit_code

    @with_repository(exclusive=True, cache=True)
    @with_archive
    def do_rename(self, args, repository, manifest, key, cache, archive):
        """Rename an existing archive"""
        archive.rename(args.name)
        manifest.write()
        repository.commit()
        cache.commit()
        return self.exit_code

    @with_repository(exclusive=True, manifest=False)
    def do_delete(self, args, repository):
        """Delete an existing repository or archive"""
        if args.location.archive:
            manifest, key = Manifest.load(repository)
            with Cache(repository, key, manifest, lock_wait=self.lock_wait) as cache:
                archive = Archive(repository, key, manifest, args.location.archive, cache=cache)
                stats = Statistics()
                archive.delete(stats, progress=args.progress, forced=args.forced)
                manifest.write()
                repository.commit(save_space=args.save_space)
                cache.commit()
                logger.info("Archive deleted.")
                if args.stats:
                    log_multi(DASHES,
                              stats.summary.format(label='Deleted data:', stats=stats),
                              str(cache),
                              DASHES)
        else:
            if not args.cache_only:
                msg = []
                try:
                    manifest, key = Manifest.load(repository)
                except NoManifestError:
                    msg.append("You requested to completely DELETE the repository *including* all archives it may contain.")
                    msg.append("This repository seems to have no manifest, so we can't tell anything about its contents.")
                else:
                    msg.append("You requested to completely DELETE the repository *including* all archives it contains:")
                    for archive_info in manifest.list_archive_infos(sort_by='ts'):
                        msg.append(format_archive(archive_info))
                msg.append("Type 'YES' if you understand this and want to continue: ")
                msg = '\n'.join(msg)
                if not yes(msg, false_msg="Aborting.", invalid_msg='Invalid answer, aborting.', truish=('YES', ),
                           retry=False, env_var_override='BORG_DELETE_I_KNOW_WHAT_I_AM_DOING'):
                    self.exit_code = EXIT_ERROR
                    return self.exit_code
                repository.destroy()
                logger.info("Repository deleted.")
            Cache.destroy(repository)
            logger.info("Cache deleted.")
        return self.exit_code

    @with_repository()
    def do_mount(self, args, repository, manifest, key):
        """Mount archive or an entire repository as a FUSE filesystem"""
        try:
            from .fuse import FuseOperations
        except ImportError as e:
            self.print_error('Loading fuse support failed [ImportError: %s]' % str(e))
            return self.exit_code

        if not os.path.isdir(args.mountpoint) or not os.access(args.mountpoint, os.R_OK | os.W_OK | os.X_OK):
            self.print_error('%s: Mountpoint must be a writable directory' % args.mountpoint)
            return self.exit_code

        with cache_if_remote(repository) as cached_repo:
            if args.location.archive:
                archive = Archive(repository, key, manifest, args.location.archive)
            else:
                archive = None
            operations = FuseOperations(key, repository, manifest, archive, cached_repo)
            logger.info("Mounting filesystem")
            try:
                operations.mount(args.mountpoint, args.options, args.foreground)
            except RuntimeError:
                # Relevant error message already printed to stderr by fuse
                self.exit_code = EXIT_ERROR
        return self.exit_code

    def do_umount(self, args):
        """un-mount the FUSE filesystem"""
        return umount(args.mountpoint)

    @with_repository()
    def do_list(self, args, repository, manifest, key):
        """List archive or repository contents"""
        if args.location.archive:
            archive = Archive(repository, key, manifest, args.location.archive)
            """use_user_format flag is used to speed up default listing.
            When user issues format options, listing is a bit slower, but more keys are available and
            precalculated.
            """
            use_user_format = args.listformat is not None
            if use_user_format:
                list_format = args.listformat
            elif args.short:
                list_format = "{path}{LF}"
            else:
                list_format = "{mode} {user:6} {group:6} {size:8d} {isomtime} {path}{extra}{LF}"

            for item in archive.iter_items():
                mode = stat.filemode(item[b'mode'])
                type = mode[0]
                size = 0
                if type == '-':
                    try:
                        size = sum(size for _, size, _ in item[b'chunks'])
                    except KeyError:
                        pass

                mtime = safe_timestamp(item[b'mtime'])
                if use_user_format:
                    atime = safe_timestamp(item.get(b'atime') or item[b'mtime'])
                    ctime = safe_timestamp(item.get(b'ctime') or item[b'mtime'])

                if b'source' in item:
                    source = item[b'source']
                    if type == 'l':
                        extra = ' -> %s' % item[b'source']
                    else:
                        mode = 'h' + mode[1:]
                        extra = ' link to %s' % item[b'source']
                else:
                    extra = ''
                    source = ''

                item_data = {
                        'mode': mode,
                        'user': item[b'user'] or item[b'uid'],
                        'group': item[b'group'] or item[b'gid'],
                        'size': size,
                        'isomtime': format_time(mtime),
                        'path': remove_surrogates(item[b'path']),
                        'extra': extra,
                        'LF': '\n',
                        }
                if use_user_format:
                    item_data_advanced = {
                        'bmode': item[b'mode'],
                        'type': type,
                        'source': source,
                        'linktarget': source,
                        'uid': item[b'uid'],
                        'gid': item[b'gid'],
                        'mtime': mtime,
                        'isoctime': format_time(ctime),
                        'ctime': ctime,
                        'isoatime': format_time(atime),
                        'atime': atime,
                        'archivename': archive.name,
                        'SPACE': ' ',
                        'TAB': '\t',
                        'CR': '\r',
                        'NEWLINE': os.linesep,
                        }
                    item_data.update(item_data_advanced)
                item_data['formatkeys'] = list(item_data.keys())

                print(format_line(list_format, item_data), end='')
        else:
            for archive_info in manifest.list_archive_infos(sort_by='ts'):
                if args.prefix and not archive_info.name.startswith(args.prefix):
                    continue
                if args.short:
                    print(archive_info.name)
                else:
                    print(format_archive(archive_info))
        return self.exit_code

    @with_repository(cache=True)
    @with_archive
    def do_info(self, args, repository, manifest, key, archive, cache):
        """Show archive details such as disk space used"""
        stats = archive.calc_stats(cache)
        print('Name:', archive.name)
        print('Fingerprint: %s' % bin_to_hex(archive.id))
        print('Hostname:', archive.metadata[b'hostname'])
        print('Username:', archive.metadata[b'username'])
        print('Time (start): %s' % format_time(to_localtime(archive.ts)))
        print('Time (end):   %s' % format_time(to_localtime(archive.ts_end)))
        print('Command line:', remove_surrogates(' '.join(archive.metadata[b'cmdline'])))
        print('Number of files: %d' % stats.nfiles)
        print()
        print(str(stats))
        print(str(cache))
        return self.exit_code

    @with_repository(exclusive=True)
    def do_prune(self, args, repository, manifest, key):
        """Prune repository archives according to specified rules"""
        if not any((args.hourly, args.daily,
                    args.weekly, args.monthly, args.yearly, args.within)):
            self.print_error('At least one of the "keep-within", "keep-last", '
                             '"keep-hourly", "keep-daily", '
                             '"keep-weekly", "keep-monthly" or "keep-yearly" settings must be specified.')
            return self.exit_code
        archives = manifest.list_archive_infos(sort_by='ts', reverse=True)  # just a ArchiveInfo list
        if args.prefix:
            archives = [archive for archive in archives if archive.name.startswith(args.prefix)]
        # ignore all checkpoint archives to avoid keeping one (which is an incomplete backup)
        # that is newer than a successfully completed backup - and killing the successful backup.
        is_checkpoint = re.compile(r'\.checkpoint(\.\d+)?$').search
        archives = [archive for archive in archives if not is_checkpoint(archive.name)]
        keep = []
        if args.within:
            keep += prune_within(archives, args.within)
        if args.hourly:
            keep += prune_split(archives, '%Y-%m-%d %H', args.hourly, keep)
        if args.daily:
            keep += prune_split(archives, '%Y-%m-%d', args.daily, keep)
        if args.weekly:
            keep += prune_split(archives, '%G-%V', args.weekly, keep)
        if args.monthly:
            keep += prune_split(archives, '%Y-%m', args.monthly, keep)
        if args.yearly:
            keep += prune_split(archives, '%Y', args.yearly, keep)

        keep.sort(key=attrgetter('ts'), reverse=True)
        to_delete = [a for a in archives if a not in keep]
        stats = Statistics()
        with Cache(repository, key, manifest, do_files=args.cache_files, lock_wait=self.lock_wait) as cache:
            for archive in keep:
                if args.output_list:
                    logger.info('Keeping archive: %s' % format_archive(archive))
            for archive in to_delete:
                if args.dry_run:
                    if args.output_list:
                        logger.info('Would prune:     %s' % format_archive(archive))
                else:
                    if args.output_list:
                        logger.info('Pruning archive: %s' % format_archive(archive))
                    Archive(repository, key, manifest, archive.name, cache).delete(stats, forced=args.forced)
            if to_delete and not args.dry_run:
                manifest.write()
                repository.commit(save_space=args.save_space)
                cache.commit()
            if args.stats:
                log_multi(DASHES,
                          stats.summary.format(label='Deleted data:', stats=stats),
                          str(cache),
                          DASHES)
        return self.exit_code

    @with_repository(fake=('tam', 'disable_tam'), invert_fake=True, manifest=False, exclusive=True)
    def do_upgrade(self, args, repository, manifest=None, key=None):
        """upgrade a repository from a previous version"""
        if args.tam:
            manifest, key = Manifest.load(repository, force_tam_not_required=args.force)

            if not hasattr(key, 'change_passphrase'):
                print('This repository is not encrypted, cannot enable TAM.')
                return EXIT_ERROR

            if not manifest.tam_verified or not manifest.config.get(b'tam_required', False):
                # The standard archive listing doesn't include the archive ID like in borg 1.1.x
                print('Manifest contents:')
                for archive_info in manifest.list_archive_infos(sort_by='ts'):
                    print(format_archive(archive_info), '[%s]' % bin_to_hex(archive_info.id))
                manifest.config[b'tam_required'] = True
                manifest.write()
                repository.commit()
            if not key.tam_required:
                key.tam_required = True
                key.change_passphrase(key._passphrase)
                print('Key updated')
                if hasattr(key, 'find_key'):
                    print('Key location:', key.find_key())
            if not tam_required(repository):
                tam_file = tam_required_file(repository)
                open(tam_file, 'w').close()
                print('Updated security database')
        elif args.disable_tam:
            manifest, key = Manifest.load(repository, force_tam_not_required=True)
            if tam_required(repository):
                os.unlink(tam_required_file(repository))
            if key.tam_required:
                key.tam_required = False
                key.change_passphrase(key._passphrase)
                print('Key updated')
                if hasattr(key, 'find_key'):
                    print('Key location:', key.find_key())
            manifest.config[b'tam_required'] = False
            manifest.write()
            repository.commit()
        else:
            # mainly for upgrades from Attic repositories,
            # but also supports borg 0.xx -> 1.0 upgrade.

            repo = AtticRepositoryUpgrader(args.location.path, create=False)
            try:
                repo.upgrade(args.dry_run, inplace=args.inplace, progress=args.progress)
            except NotImplementedError as e:
                print("warning: %s" % e)
            repo = BorgRepositoryUpgrader(args.location.path, create=False)
            try:
                repo.upgrade(args.dry_run, inplace=args.inplace, progress=args.progress)
            except NotImplementedError as e:
                print("warning: %s" % e)
        return self.exit_code

    def do_debug_info(self, args):
        """display system information for debugging / bug reports"""
        print(sysinfo())
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository()
    def do_debug_dump_archive_items(self, args, repository, manifest, key):
        """dump (decrypted, decompressed) archive items metadata (not: data)"""
        archive = Archive(repository, key, manifest, args.location.archive)
        for i, item_id in enumerate(archive.metadata[b'items']):
            data = key.decrypt(item_id, repository.get(item_id))
            filename = '%06d_%s.items' % (i, bin_to_hex(item_id))
            print('Dumping', filename)
            with open(filename, 'wb') as fd:
                fd.write(data)
        print('Done.')
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository()
    def do_debug_dump_repo_objs(self, args, repository, manifest, key):
        """dump (decrypted, decompressed) repo objects"""
        marker = None
        i = 0
        while True:
            result = repository.list(limit=10000, marker=marker)
            if not result:
                break
            marker = result[-1]
            for id in result:
                cdata = repository.get(id)
                give_id = id if id != Manifest.MANIFEST_ID else None
                data = key.decrypt(give_id, cdata)
                filename = '%06d_%s.obj' % (i, bin_to_hex(id))
                print('Dumping', filename)
                with open(filename, 'wb') as fd:
                    fd.write(data)
                i += 1
        print('Done.')
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository(manifest=False)
    def do_debug_get_obj(self, args, repository):
        """get object contents from the repository and write it into file"""
        hex_id = args.id
        try:
            id = unhexlify(hex_id)
        except ValueError:
            print("object id %s is invalid." % hex_id)
        else:
            try:
                data = repository.get(id)
            except Repository.ObjectNotFound:
                print("object %s not found." % hex_id)
            else:
                with open(args.path, "wb") as f:
                    f.write(data)
                print("object %s fetched." % hex_id)
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository(manifest=False, exclusive=True)
    def do_debug_put_obj(self, args, repository):
        """put file(s) contents into the repository"""
        for path in args.paths:
            with open(path, "rb") as f:
                data = f.read()
            h = sha256(data)  # XXX hardcoded
            repository.put(h.digest(), data)
            print("object %s put." % h.hexdigest())
        repository.commit()
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository(manifest=False, exclusive=True)
    def do_debug_delete_obj(self, args, repository):
        """delete the objects with the given IDs from the repo"""
        modified = False
        for hex_id in args.ids:
            try:
                id = unhexlify(hex_id)
            except ValueError:
                print("object id %s is invalid." % hex_id)
            else:
                try:
                    repository.delete(id)
                    modified = True
                    print("object %s deleted." % hex_id)
                except Repository.ObjectNotFound:
                    print("object %s not found." % hex_id)
        if modified:
            repository.commit()
        print('Done.')
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository(manifest=False, exclusive=True, cache=True)
    def do_debug_refcount_obj(self, args, repository, manifest, key, cache):
        """display refcounts for the objects with the given IDs"""
        for hex_id in args.ids:
            try:
                id = unhexlify(hex_id)
            except ValueError:
                print("object id %s is invalid." % hex_id)
            else:
                try:
                    refcount = cache.chunks[id][0]
                    print("object %s has %d referrers [info from chunks cache]." % (hex_id, refcount))
                except KeyError:
                    print("object %s not found [info from chunks cache]." % hex_id)
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    @with_repository(lock=False, manifest=False)
    def do_break_lock(self, args, repository):
        """Break the repository lock (e.g. in case it was left by a dead borg."""
        repository.break_lock()
        Cache.break_lock(repository)
        return self.exit_code

    helptext = collections.OrderedDict()
    helptext['patterns'] = textwrap.dedent('''
        Exclusion patterns support four separate styles, fnmatch, shell, regular
        expressions and path prefixes. By default, fnmatch is used. If followed
        by a colon (':') the first two characters of a pattern are used as a
        style selector. Explicit style selection is necessary when a
        non-default style is desired or when the desired pattern starts with
        two alphanumeric characters followed by a colon (i.e. `aa:something/*`).

        `Fnmatch <https://docs.python.org/3/library/fnmatch.html>`_, selector `fm:`

            This is the default style.  These patterns use a variant of shell
            pattern syntax, with '*' matching any number of characters, '?'
            matching any single character, '[...]' matching any single
            character specified, including ranges, and '[!...]' matching any
            character not specified. For the purpose of these patterns, the
            path separator ('\\' for Windows and '/' on other systems) is not
            treated specially. Wrap meta-characters in brackets for a literal
            match (i.e. `[?]` to match the literal character `?`). For a path
            to match a pattern, it must completely match from start to end, or
            must match from the start to just before a path separator. Except
            for the root path, paths will never end in the path separator when
            matching is attempted.  Thus, if a given pattern ends in a path
            separator, a '*' is appended before matching is attempted.

        Shell-style patterns, selector `sh:`

            Like fnmatch patterns these are similar to shell patterns. The difference
            is that the pattern may include `**/` for matching zero or more directory
            levels, `*` for matching zero or more arbitrary characters with the
            exception of any path separator.

        Regular expressions, selector `re:`

            Regular expressions similar to those found in Perl are supported. Unlike
            shell patterns regular expressions are not required to match the complete
            path and any substring match is sufficient. It is strongly recommended to
            anchor patterns to the start ('^'), to the end ('$') or both. Path
            separators ('\\' for Windows and '/' on other systems) in paths are
            always normalized to a forward slash ('/') before applying a pattern. The
            regular expression syntax is described in the `Python documentation for
            the re module <https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html>`_.

        Prefix path, selector `pp:`

            This pattern style is useful to match whole sub-directories. The pattern
            `pp:/data/bar` matches `/data/bar` and everything therein.

        Exclusions can be passed via the command line option `--exclude`. When used
        from within a shell the patterns should be quoted to protect them from
        expansion.

        The `--exclude-from` option permits loading exclusion patterns from a text
        file with one pattern per line. Lines empty or starting with the number sign
        ('#') after removing whitespace on both ends are ignored. The optional style
        selector prefix is also supported for patterns loaded from a file. Due to
        whitespace removal paths with whitespace at the beginning or end can only be
        excluded using regular expressions.

        Examples::

            # Exclude '/home/user/file.o' but not '/home/user/file.odt':
            $ borg create -e '*.o' backup /

            # Exclude '/home/user/junk' and '/home/user/subdir/junk' but
            # not '/home/user/importantjunk' or '/etc/junk':
            $ borg create -e '/home/*/junk' backup /

            # Exclude the contents of '/home/user/cache' but not the directory itself:
            $ borg create -e /home/user/cache/ backup /

            # The file '/home/user/cache/important' is *not* backed up:
            $ borg create -e /home/user/cache/ backup / /home/user/cache/important

            # The contents of directories in '/home' are not backed up when their name
            # ends in '.tmp'
            $ borg create --exclude 're:^/home/[^/]+\.tmp/' backup /

            # Load exclusions from file
            $ cat >exclude.txt <<EOF
            # Comment line
            /home/*/junk
            *.tmp
            fm:aa:something/*
            re:^/home/[^/]\.tmp/
            sh:/home/*/.thumbnails
            EOF
            $ borg create --exclude-from exclude.txt backup /\n\n''')
    helptext['placeholders'] = textwrap.dedent('''
        Repository (or Archive) URLs, --prefix and --remote-path values support these
        placeholders:

        {hostname}

            The (short) hostname of the machine.

        {fqdn}

            The full name of the machine.

        {now}

            The current local date and time.

        {utcnow}

            The current UTC date and time.

        {user}

            The user name (or UID, if no name is available) of the user running borg.

        {pid}

            The current process ID.

        {borgversion}

            The version of borg, e.g.: 1.0.8rc1

        {borgmajor}

            The version of borg, only the major version, e.g.: 1

        {borgminor}

            The version of borg, only major and minor version, e.g.: 1.0

        {borgpatch}

            The version of borg, only major, minor and patch version, e.g.: 1.0.8

       Examples::

            borg create /path/to/repo::{hostname}-{user}-{utcnow} ...
            borg create /path/to/repo::{hostname}-{now:%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S} ...
            borg prune --prefix '{hostname}-' ...\n\n''')

    def do_help(self, parser, commands, args):
        if not args.topic:
            parser.print_help()
        elif args.topic in self.helptext:
            print(self.helptext[args.topic])
        elif args.topic in commands:
            if args.epilog_only:
                print(commands[args.topic].epilog)
            elif args.usage_only:
                commands[args.topic].epilog = None
                commands[args.topic].print_help()
            else:
                commands[args.topic].print_help()
        else:
            parser.error('No help available on %s' % (args.topic,))
        return self.exit_code

    def do_subcommand_help(self, parser, args):
        """display infos about subcommand"""
        parser.print_help()
        return EXIT_SUCCESS

    def preprocess_args(self, args):
        deprecations = [
            # ('--old', '--new', 'Warning: "--old" has been deprecated. Use "--new" instead.'),
        ]
        for i, arg in enumerate(args[:]):
            for old_name, new_name, warning in deprecations:
                if arg.startswith(old_name):
                    args[i] = arg.replace(old_name, new_name)
                    print(warning)
        return args

    def build_parser(self, args=None, prog=None):
        common_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False, prog=prog)
        common_parser.add_argument('--critical', dest='log_level',
                                   action='store_const', const='critical', default='warning',
                                   help='work on log level CRITICAL')
        common_parser.add_argument('--error', dest='log_level',
                                   action='store_const', const='error', default='warning',
                                   help='work on log level ERROR')
        common_parser.add_argument('--warning', dest='log_level',
                                   action='store_const', const='warning', default='warning',
                                   help='work on log level WARNING (default)')
        common_parser.add_argument('--info', '-v', '--verbose', dest='log_level',
                                   action='store_const', const='info', default='warning',
                                   help='work on log level INFO')
        common_parser.add_argument('--debug', dest='log_level',
                                   action='store_const', const='debug', default='warning',
                                   help='work on log level DEBUG')
        common_parser.add_argument('--lock-wait', dest='lock_wait', type=int, metavar='N', default=1,
                                   help='wait for the lock, but max. N seconds (default: %(default)d).')
        common_parser.add_argument('--show-rc', dest='show_rc', action='store_true', default=False,
                                   help='show/log the return code (rc)')
        common_parser.add_argument('--no-files-cache', dest='cache_files', action='store_false',
                                   help='do not load/update the file metadata cache used to detect unchanged files')
        common_parser.add_argument('--umask', dest='umask', type=lambda s: int(s, 8), default=UMASK_DEFAULT, metavar='M',
                                   help='set umask to M (local and remote, default: %(default)04o)')
        common_parser.add_argument('--remote-path', dest='remote_path', metavar='PATH',
                                   help='set remote path to executable (default: "borg")')

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=prog, description='Borg - Deduplicated Backups')
        parser.add_argument('-V', '--version', action='version', version='%(prog)s ' + __version__,
                                   help='show version number and exit')
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title='required arguments', metavar='<command>')

        serve_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command starts a repository server process. This command is usually not used manually.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('serve', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_serve.__doc__, epilog=serve_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='start repository server process')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_serve)
        subparser.add_argument('--restrict-to-path', dest='restrict_to_paths', action='append',
                               metavar='PATH', help='restrict repository access to PATH. '
                                                    'Can be specified multiple times to allow the client access to several directories. '
                                                    'Access to all sub-directories is granted implicitly; PATH doesn\'t need to directly point to a repository.')
        subparser.add_argument('--append-only', dest='append_only', action='store_true',
                               help='only allow appending to repository segment files')
        init_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command initializes an empty repository. A repository is a filesystem
        directory containing the deduplicated data from zero or more archives.
        Encryption can be enabled at repository init time.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('init', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_init.__doc__, epilog=init_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='initialize empty repository')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_init)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to create')
        subparser.add_argument('-e', '--encryption', dest='encryption',
                               choices=('none', 'keyfile', 'repokey'), default='repokey',
                               help='select encryption key mode (default: "%(default)s")')
        subparser.add_argument('-a', '--append-only', dest='append_only', action='store_true',
                               help='create an append-only mode repository')

        check_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        The check command verifies the consistency of a repository and the corresponding archives.

        First, the underlying repository data files are checked:

        - For all segments the segment magic (header) is checked
        - For all objects stored in the segments, all metadata (e.g. crc and size) and
          all data is read. The read data is checked by size and CRC. Bit rot and other
          types of accidental damage can be detected this way.
        - If we are in repair mode and a integrity error is detected for a segment,
          we try to recover as many objects from the segment as possible.
        - In repair mode, it makes sure that the index is consistent with the data
          stored in the segments.
        - If you use a remote repo server via ssh:, the repo check is executed on the
          repo server without causing significant network traffic.
        - The repository check can be skipped using the --archives-only option.

        Second, the consistency and correctness of the archive metadata is verified:

        - Is the repo manifest present? If not, it is rebuilt from archive metadata
          chunks (this requires reading and decrypting of all metadata and data).
        - Check if archive metadata chunk is present. if not, remove archive from
          manifest.
        - For all files (items) in the archive, for all chunks referenced by these
          files, check if chunk is present.
          If a chunk is not present and we are in repair mode, replace it with a same-size
          replacement chunk of zeros.
          If a previously lost chunk reappears (e.g. via a later backup) and we are in
          repair mode, the all-zero replacement chunk will be replaced by the correct chunk.
          This requires reading of archive and file metadata, but not data.
        - If we are in repair mode and we checked all the archives: delete orphaned
          chunks from the repo.
        - if you use a remote repo server via ssh:, the archive check is executed on
          the client machine (because if encryption is enabled, the checks will require
          decryption and this is always done client-side, because key access will be
          required).
        - The archive checks can be time consuming, they can be skipped using the
          --repository-only option.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('check', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_check.__doc__,
                                          epilog=check_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='verify repository')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_check)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY_OR_ARCHIVE', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(),
                               help='repository or archive to check consistency of')
        subparser.add_argument('--repository-only', dest='repo_only', action='store_true',
                               default=False,
                               help='only perform repository checks')
        subparser.add_argument('--archives-only', dest='archives_only', action='store_true',
                               default=False,
                               help='only perform archives checks')
        subparser.add_argument('--repair', dest='repair', action='store_true',
                               default=False,
                               help='attempt to repair any inconsistencies found')
        subparser.add_argument('--save-space', dest='save_space', action='store_true',
                               default=False,
                               help='work slower, but using less space')
        subparser.add_argument('--last', dest='last',
                               type=int, default=None, metavar='N',
                               help='only check last N archives (Default: all)')
        subparser.add_argument('-P', '--prefix', dest='prefix', type=PrefixSpec,
                               help='only consider archive names starting with this prefix')

        change_passphrase_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        The key files used for repository encryption are optionally passphrase
        protected. This command can be used to change this passphrase.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('change-passphrase', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_change_passphrase.__doc__,
                                          epilog=change_passphrase_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='change repository passphrase')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_change_passphrase)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False))

        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('key', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description="Manage a keyfile or repokey of a repository",
                                          epilog="",
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='manage repository key')

        key_parsers = subparser.add_subparsers(title='required arguments', metavar='<command>')
        subparser.set_defaults(fallback_func=functools.partial(self.do_subcommand_help, subparser))

        key_export_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        If repository encryption is used, the repository is inaccessible
        without the key. This command allows to backup this essential key.

        There are two backup formats. The normal backup format is suitable for
        digital storage as a file. The ``--paper`` backup format is optimized
        for printing and typing in while importing, with per line checks to
        reduce problems with manual input.

        For repositories using keyfile encryption the key is saved locally
        on the system that is capable of doing backups. To guard against loss
        of this key, the key needs to be backed up independently of the main
        data backup.

        For repositories using the repokey encryption the key is saved in the
        repository in the config file. A backup is thus not strictly needed,
        but guards against the repository becoming inaccessible if the file
        is damaged for some reason.
        """)
        subparser = key_parsers.add_parser('export', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_key_export.__doc__,
                                          epilog=key_export_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='export repository key for backup')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_key_export)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False))
        subparser.add_argument('path', metavar='PATH', nargs='?', type=str,
                               help='where to store the backup')
        subparser.add_argument('--paper', dest='paper', action='store_true',
                               default=False,
                               help='Create an export suitable for printing and later type-in')

        key_import_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command allows to restore a key previously backed up with the
        export command.

        If the ``--paper`` option is given, the import will be an interactive
        process in which each line is checked for plausibility before
        proceeding to the next line. For this format PATH must not be given.
        """)
        subparser = key_parsers.add_parser('import', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_key_import.__doc__,
                                          epilog=key_import_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='import repository key from backup')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_key_import)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False))
        subparser.add_argument('path', metavar='PATH', nargs='?', type=str,
                               help='path to the backup')
        subparser.add_argument('--paper', dest='paper', action='store_true',
                               default=False,
                               help='interactively import from a backup done with --paper')

        migrate_to_repokey_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command migrates a repository from passphrase mode (not supported any
        more) to repokey mode.

        You will be first asked for the repository passphrase (to open it in passphrase
        mode). This is the same passphrase as you used to use for this repo before 1.0.

        It will then derive the different secrets from this passphrase.

        Then you will be asked for a new passphrase (twice, for safety). This
        passphrase will be used to protect the repokey (which contains these same
        secrets in encrypted form). You may use the same passphrase as you used to
        use, but you may also use a different one.

        After migrating to repokey mode, you can change the passphrase at any time.
        But please note: the secrets will always stay the same and they could always
        be derived from your (old) passphrase-mode passphrase.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('migrate-to-repokey', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_migrate_to_repokey.__doc__,
                                          epilog=migrate_to_repokey_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='migrate passphrase-mode repository to repokey')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_migrate_to_repokey)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False))

        create_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command creates a backup archive containing all files found while recursively
        traversing all paths specified. When giving '-' as path, borg will read data
        from standard input and create a file 'stdin' in the created archive from that
        data.

        The archive will consume almost no disk space for files or parts of files that
        have already been stored in other archives.

        The archive name needs to be unique. It must not end in '.checkpoint' or
        '.checkpoint.N' (with N being a number), because these names are used for
        checkpoints and treated in special ways.

        In the archive name, you may use the following placeholders:
        {now}, {utcnow}, {fqdn}, {hostname}, {user} and some others.

        To speed up pulling backups over sshfs and similar network file systems which do
        not provide correct inode information the --ignore-inode flag can be used. This
        potentially decreases reliability of change detection, while avoiding always reading
        all files on these file systems.

        See the output of the "borg help patterns" command for more help on exclude patterns.
        See the output of the "borg help placeholders" command for more help on placeholders.
        """)

        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('create', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_create.__doc__,
                                          epilog=create_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='create backup')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_create)
        subparser.add_argument('-s', '--stats', dest='stats',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='print statistics for the created archive')
        subparser.add_argument('-p', '--progress', dest='progress',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help="""show progress display while creating the archive, showing Original,
                               Compressed and Deduplicated sizes, followed by the Number of files seen
                               and the path being processed, default: %(default)s""")
        subparser.add_argument('--list', dest='output_list',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='output verbose list of items (files, dirs, ...)')
        subparser.add_argument('--filter', dest='output_filter', metavar='STATUSCHARS',
                               help='only display items with the given status characters')
        subparser.add_argument('-e', '--exclude', dest='excludes',
                               type=parse_pattern, action='append',
                               metavar="PATTERN", help='exclude paths matching PATTERN')
        subparser.add_argument('--exclude-from', dest='exclude_files',
                               type=argparse.FileType('r'), action='append',
                               metavar='EXCLUDEFILE', help='read exclude patterns from EXCLUDEFILE, one per line')
        subparser.add_argument('--exclude-caches', dest='exclude_caches',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='exclude directories that contain a CACHEDIR.TAG file (http://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/spec.html)')
        subparser.add_argument('--exclude-if-present', dest='exclude_if_present',
                               metavar='FILENAME', action='append', type=str,
                               help='exclude directories that contain the specified file')
        subparser.add_argument('--keep-tag-files', dest='keep_tag_files',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='keep tag files of excluded caches/directories')
        subparser.add_argument('-c', '--checkpoint-interval', dest='checkpoint_interval',
                               type=int, default=300, metavar='SECONDS',
                               help='write checkpoint every SECONDS seconds (Default: 300)')
        subparser.add_argument('-x', '--one-file-system', dest='one_file_system',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='stay in same file system, do not cross mount points')
        subparser.add_argument('--numeric-owner', dest='numeric_owner',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='only store numeric user and group identifiers')
        subparser.add_argument('--noatime', dest='noatime',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='do not store atime into archive')
        subparser.add_argument('--noctime', dest='noctime',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='do not store ctime into archive')
        subparser.add_argument('--timestamp', dest='timestamp',
                               type=timestamp, default=None,
                               metavar='yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss',
                               help='manually specify the archive creation date/time (UTC). '
                                    'alternatively, give a reference file/directory.')
        subparser.add_argument('--chunker-params', dest='chunker_params',
                               type=ChunkerParams, default=CHUNKER_PARAMS,
                               metavar='CHUNK_MIN_EXP,CHUNK_MAX_EXP,HASH_MASK_BITS,HASH_WINDOW_SIZE',
                               help='specify the chunker parameters. default: %d,%d,%d,%d' % CHUNKER_PARAMS)
        subparser.add_argument('--ignore-inode', dest='ignore_inode',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='ignore inode data in the file metadata cache used to detect unchanged files.')
        subparser.add_argument('-C', '--compression', dest='compression',
                               type=CompressionSpec, default=dict(name='none'), metavar='COMPRESSION',
                               help='select compression algorithm (and level): '
                                    'none == no compression (default), '
                                    'lz4 == lz4, '
                                    'zlib == zlib (default level 6), '
                                    'zlib,0 .. zlib,9 == zlib (with level 0..9), '
                                    'lzma == lzma (default level 6), '
                                    'lzma,0 .. lzma,9 == lzma (with level 0..9).')
        subparser.add_argument('--read-special', dest='read_special',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='open and read block and char device files as well as FIFOs as if they were '
                                    'regular files. Also follows symlinks pointing to these kinds of files.')
        subparser.add_argument('-n', '--dry-run', dest='dry_run',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='do not create a backup archive')
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='ARCHIVE',
                               type=location_validator(archive=True),
                               help='name of archive to create (must be also a valid directory name)')
        subparser.add_argument('paths', metavar='PATH', nargs='+', type=str,
                               help='paths to archive')

        extract_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command extracts the contents of an archive. By default the entire
        archive is extracted but a subset of files and directories can be selected
        by passing a list of ``PATHs`` as arguments. The file selection can further
        be restricted by using the ``--exclude`` option.

        See the output of the "borg help patterns" command for more help on exclude patterns.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('extract', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_extract.__doc__,
                                          epilog=extract_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='extract archive contents')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_extract)
        subparser.add_argument('--list', dest='output_list',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='output verbose list of items (files, dirs, ...)')
        subparser.add_argument('-n', '--dry-run', dest='dry_run',
                               default=False, action='store_true',
                               help='do not actually change any files')
        subparser.add_argument('-e', '--exclude', dest='excludes',
                               type=parse_pattern, action='append',
                               metavar="PATTERN", help='exclude paths matching PATTERN')
        subparser.add_argument('--exclude-from', dest='exclude_files',
                               type=argparse.FileType('r'), action='append',
                               metavar='EXCLUDEFILE', help='read exclude patterns from EXCLUDEFILE, one per line')
        subparser.add_argument('--numeric-owner', dest='numeric_owner',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='only obey numeric user and group identifiers')
        subparser.add_argument('--strip-components', dest='strip_components',
                               type=int, default=0, metavar='NUMBER',
                               help='Remove the specified number of leading path elements. Pathnames with fewer elements will be silently skipped.')
        subparser.add_argument('--stdout', dest='stdout',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='write all extracted data to stdout')
        subparser.add_argument('--sparse', dest='sparse',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='create holes in output sparse file from all-zero chunks')
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='ARCHIVE',
                               type=location_validator(archive=True),
                               help='archive to extract')
        subparser.add_argument('paths', metavar='PATH', nargs='*', type=str,
                               help='paths to extract; patterns are supported')

        rename_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command renames an archive in the repository.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('rename', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_rename.__doc__,
                                          epilog=rename_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='rename archive')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_rename)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='ARCHIVE',
                               type=location_validator(archive=True),
                               help='archive to rename')
        subparser.add_argument('name', metavar='NEWNAME',
                               type=archivename_validator(),
                               help='the new archive name to use')

        delete_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command deletes an archive from the repository or the complete repository.
        Disk space is reclaimed accordingly. If you delete the complete repository, the
        local cache for it (if any) is also deleted.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('delete', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_delete.__doc__,
                                          epilog=delete_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='delete archive')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_delete)
        subparser.add_argument('-p', '--progress', dest='progress',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help="""show progress display while deleting a single archive""")
        subparser.add_argument('-s', '--stats', dest='stats',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='print statistics for the deleted archive')
        subparser.add_argument('-c', '--cache-only', dest='cache_only',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='delete only the local cache for the given repository')
        subparser.add_argument('--force', dest='forced',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='force deletion of corrupted archives')
        subparser.add_argument('--save-space', dest='save_space', action='store_true',
                               default=False,
                               help='work slower, but using less space')
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='TARGET', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(),
                               help='archive or repository to delete')

        list_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command lists the contents of a repository or an archive.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('list', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_list.__doc__,
                                          epilog=list_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='list archive or repository contents')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_list)
        subparser.add_argument('--short', dest='short',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='only print file/directory names, nothing else')
        subparser.add_argument('--list-format', dest='listformat', type=str,
                               help="""specify format for archive file listing
                                (default: "{mode} {user:6} {group:6} {size:8d} {isomtime} {path}{extra}{NEWLINE}")
                                Special "{formatkeys}" exists to list available keys""")
        subparser.add_argument('-P', '--prefix', dest='prefix', type=PrefixSpec,
                               help='only consider archive names starting with this prefix')
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY_OR_ARCHIVE', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(),
                               help='repository/archive to list contents of')

        mount_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command mounts an archive as a FUSE filesystem. This can be useful for
        browsing an archive or restoring individual files. Unless the ``--foreground``
        option is given the command will run in the background until the filesystem
        is ``umounted``.

        The BORG_MOUNT_DATA_CACHE_ENTRIES environment variable is meant for advanced users
        to tweak the performance. It sets the number of cached data chunks; additional
        memory usage can be up to ~8 MiB times this number. The default is the number
        of CPU cores.

        For mount options, see the fuse(8) manual page. Additional mount options
        supported by borg:

        - allow_damaged_files: by default damaged files (where missing chunks were
          replaced with runs of zeros by borg check --repair) are not readable and
          return EIO (I/O error). Set this option to read such files.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('mount', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_mount.__doc__,
                                          epilog=mount_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='mount repository')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_mount)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY_OR_ARCHIVE', type=location_validator(),
                               help='repository/archive to mount')
        subparser.add_argument('mountpoint', metavar='MOUNTPOINT', type=str,
                               help='where to mount filesystem')
        subparser.add_argument('-f', '--foreground', dest='foreground',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='stay in foreground, do not daemonize')
        subparser.add_argument('-o', dest='options', type=str,
                               help='Extra mount options')

        umount_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command un-mounts a FUSE filesystem that was mounted with ``borg mount``.

        This is a convenience wrapper that just calls the platform-specific shell
        command - usually this is either umount or fusermount -u.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('umount', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_umount.__doc__,
                                          epilog=umount_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='umount repository')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_umount)
        subparser.add_argument('mountpoint', metavar='MOUNTPOINT', type=str,
                               help='mountpoint of the filesystem to umount')

        info_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command displays some detailed information about the specified archive.

        Please note that the deduplicated sizes of the individual archives do not add
        up to the deduplicated size of the repository ("all archives"), because the two
        are meaning different things:

        This archive / deduplicated size = amount of data stored ONLY for this archive
                                         = unique chunks of this archive.
        All archives / deduplicated size = amount of data stored in the repo
                                         = all chunks in the repository.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('info', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_info.__doc__,
                                          epilog=info_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='show archive information')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_info)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='ARCHIVE',
                               type=location_validator(archive=True),
                               help='archive to display information about')

        break_lock_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command breaks the repository and cache locks.
        Please use carefully and only while no borg process (on any machine) is
        trying to access the Cache or the Repository.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('break-lock', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_break_lock.__doc__,
                                          epilog=break_lock_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='break repository and cache locks')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_break_lock)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository for which to break the locks')

        prune_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        The prune command prunes a repository by deleting all archives not matching
        any of the specified retention options. This command is normally used by
        automated backup scripts wanting to keep a certain number of historic backups.

        As an example, "-d 7" means to keep the latest backup on each day, up to 7
        most recent days with backups (days without backups do not count).
        The rules are applied from hourly to yearly, and backups selected by previous
        rules do not count towards those of later rules. The time that each backup
        starts is used for pruning purposes. Dates and times are interpreted in
        the local timezone, and weeks go from Monday to Sunday. Specifying a
        negative number of archives to keep means that there is no limit.

        The "--keep-within" option takes an argument of the form "<int><char>",
        where char is "H", "d", "w", "m", "y". For example, "--keep-within 2d" means
        to keep all archives that were created within the past 48 hours.
        "1m" is taken to mean "31d". The archives kept with this option do not
        count towards the totals specified by any other options.

        If a prefix is set with -P, then only archives that start with the prefix are
        considered for deletion and only those archives count towards the totals
        specified by the rules.
        Otherwise, *all* archives in the repository are candidates for deletion!
        There is no automatic distinction between archives representing different
        contents. These need to be distinguished by specifying matching prefixes.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('prune', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_prune.__doc__,
                                          epilog=prune_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='prune archives')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_prune)
        subparser.add_argument('-n', '--dry-run', dest='dry_run',
                               default=False, action='store_true',
                               help='do not change repository')
        subparser.add_argument('--force', dest='forced',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='force pruning of corrupted archives')
        subparser.add_argument('-s', '--stats', dest='stats',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='print statistics for the deleted archive')
        subparser.add_argument('--list', dest='output_list',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help='output verbose list of archives it keeps/prunes')
        subparser.add_argument('--keep-within', dest='within', type=str, metavar='WITHIN',
                               help='keep all archives within this time interval')
        subparser.add_argument('-H', '--keep-hourly', dest='hourly', type=int, default=0,
                               help='number of hourly archives to keep')
        subparser.add_argument('-d', '--keep-daily', dest='daily', type=int, default=0,
                               help='number of daily archives to keep')
        subparser.add_argument('-w', '--keep-weekly', dest='weekly', type=int, default=0,
                               help='number of weekly archives to keep')
        subparser.add_argument('-m', '--keep-monthly', dest='monthly', type=int, default=0,
                               help='number of monthly archives to keep')
        subparser.add_argument('-y', '--keep-yearly', dest='yearly', type=int, default=0,
                               help='number of yearly archives to keep')
        subparser.add_argument('-P', '--prefix', dest='prefix', type=PrefixSpec,
                               help='only consider archive names starting with this prefix')
        subparser.add_argument('--save-space', dest='save_space', action='store_true',
                               default=False,
                               help='work slower, but using less space')
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to prune')

        upgrade_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        Upgrade an existing Borg repository.

        Borg 1.x.y upgrades
        +++++++++++++++++++

        Use ``borg upgrade --tam REPO`` to require manifest authentication
        introduced with Borg 1.0.9 to address security issues. This means
        that modifying the repository after doing this with a version prior
        to 1.0.9 will raise a validation error, so only perform this upgrade
        after updating all clients using the repository to 1.0.9 or newer.

        This upgrade should be done on each client for safety reasons.

        If a repository is accidentally modified with a pre-1.0.9 client after
        this upgrade, use ``borg upgrade --tam --force REPO`` to remedy it.

        If you routinely do this you might not want to enable this upgrade
        (which will leave you exposed to the security issue). You can
        reverse the upgrade by issuing ``borg upgrade --disable-tam REPO``.

        See
        https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/changes.html#pre-1-0-9-manifest-spoofing-vulnerability
        for details.

        Attic and Borg 0.xx to Borg 1.x
        +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

        This currently supports converting an Attic repository to Borg and also
        helps with converting Borg 0.xx to 1.0.

        Currently, only LOCAL repositories can be upgraded (issue #465).

        It will change the magic strings in the repository's segments
        to match the new Borg magic strings. The keyfiles found in
        $ATTIC_KEYS_DIR or ~/.attic/keys/ will also be converted and
        copied to $BORG_KEYS_DIR or ~/.config/borg/keys.

        The cache files are converted, from $ATTIC_CACHE_DIR or
        ~/.cache/attic to $BORG_CACHE_DIR or ~/.cache/borg, but the
        cache layout between Borg and Attic changed, so it is possible
        the first backup after the conversion takes longer than expected
        due to the cache resync.

        Upgrade should be able to resume if interrupted, although it
        will still iterate over all segments. If you want to start
        from scratch, use `borg delete` over the copied repository to
        make sure the cache files are also removed:

            borg delete borg

        Unless ``--inplace`` is specified, the upgrade process first
        creates a backup copy of the repository, in
        REPOSITORY.upgrade-DATETIME, using hardlinks. This takes
        longer than in place upgrades, but is much safer and gives
        progress information (as opposed to ``cp -al``). Once you are
        satisfied with the conversion, you can safely destroy the
        backup copy.

        WARNING: Running the upgrade in place will make the current
        copy unusable with older version, with no way of going back
        to previous versions. This can PERMANENTLY DAMAGE YOUR
        REPOSITORY!  Attic CAN NOT READ BORG REPOSITORIES, as the
        magic strings have changed. You have been warned.""")
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('upgrade', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_upgrade.__doc__,
                                          epilog=upgrade_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='upgrade repository format')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_upgrade)
        subparser.add_argument('-p', '--progress', dest='progress',
                               action='store_true', default=False,
                               help="""show progress display while upgrading the repository""")
        subparser.add_argument('-n', '--dry-run', dest='dry_run',
                               default=False, action='store_true',
                               help='do not change repository')
        subparser.add_argument('-i', '--inplace', dest='inplace',
                               default=False, action='store_true',
                               help="""rewrite repository in place, with no chance of going back to older
                               versions of the repository.""")
        subparser.add_argument('--force', dest='force', action='store_true',
                               help="""Force upgrade""")
        subparser.add_argument('--tam', dest='tam', action='store_true',
                               help="""Enable manifest authentication (in key and cache) (Borg 1.0.9 and later)""")
        subparser.add_argument('--disable-tam', dest='disable_tam', action='store_true',
                               help="""Disable manifest authentication (in key and cache)""")
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='path to the repository to be upgraded')

        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('help', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description='Extra help')
        subparser.add_argument('--epilog-only', dest='epilog_only',
                               action='store_true', default=False)
        subparser.add_argument('--usage-only', dest='usage_only',
                               action='store_true', default=False)
        subparser.set_defaults(func=functools.partial(self.do_help, parser, subparsers.choices))
        subparser.add_argument('topic', metavar='TOPIC', type=str, nargs='?',
                               help='additional help on TOPIC')

        debug_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        These commands are not intended for normal use and potentially very
        dangerous if used incorrectly.

        They exist to improve debugging capabilities without direct system access, e.g.
        in case you ever run into some severe malfunction. Use them only if you know
        what you are doing or if a trusted developer tells you what to do.""")

        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('debug', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description='debugging command (not intended for normal use)',
                                          epilog=debug_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='debugging command (not intended for normal use)')

        debug_parsers = subparser.add_subparsers(title='required arguments', metavar='<command>')
        subparser.set_defaults(fallback_func=functools.partial(self.do_subcommand_help, subparser))

        debug_info_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command displays some system information that might be useful for bug
        reports and debugging problems. If a traceback happens, this information is
        already appended at the end of the traceback.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('debug-info', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_info.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_info_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='show system infos for debugging / bug reports (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_info)

        subparser = debug_parsers.add_parser('info', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_info.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_info_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='show system infos for debugging / bug reports (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_info)

        debug_dump_archive_items_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command dumps raw (but decrypted and decompressed) archive items (only metadata) to files.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('debug-dump-archive-items', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_dump_archive_items.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_dump_archive_items_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='dump archive items (metadata) (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_dump_archive_items)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='ARCHIVE',
                               type=location_validator(archive=True),
                               help='archive to dump')

        subparser = debug_parsers.add_parser('dump-archive-items', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_dump_archive_items.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_dump_archive_items_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='dump archive items (metadata) (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_dump_archive_items)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='ARCHIVE',
                               type=location_validator(archive=True),
                               help='archive to dump')

        debug_dump_repo_objs_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command dumps raw (but decrypted and decompressed) repo objects to files.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('debug-dump-repo-objs', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_dump_repo_objs.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_dump_repo_objs_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='dump repo objects (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_dump_repo_objs)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repo to dump')

        subparser = debug_parsers.add_parser('dump-repo-objs', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_dump_repo_objs.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_dump_repo_objs_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='dump repo objects (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_dump_repo_objs)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repo to dump')

        debug_get_obj_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command gets an object from the repository.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('debug-get-obj', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_get_obj.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_get_obj_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='get object from repository (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_get_obj)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to use')
        subparser.add_argument('id', metavar='ID', type=str,
                               help='hex object ID to get from the repo')
        subparser.add_argument('path', metavar='PATH', type=str,
                               help='file to write object data into')

        subparser = debug_parsers.add_parser('get-obj', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_get_obj.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_get_obj_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='get object from repository (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_get_obj)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to use')
        subparser.add_argument('id', metavar='ID', type=str,
                               help='hex object ID to get from the repo')
        subparser.add_argument('path', metavar='PATH', type=str,
                               help='file to write object data into')

        debug_put_obj_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command puts objects into the repository.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('debug-put-obj', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_put_obj.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_put_obj_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='put object to repository (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_put_obj)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to use')
        subparser.add_argument('paths', metavar='PATH', nargs='+', type=str,
                               help='file(s) to read and create object(s) from')

        subparser = debug_parsers.add_parser('put-obj', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_put_obj.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_put_obj_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='put object to repository (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_put_obj)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to use')
        subparser.add_argument('paths', metavar='PATH', nargs='+', type=str,
                               help='file(s) to read and create object(s) from')

        debug_delete_obj_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command deletes objects from the repository.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('debug-delete-obj', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_delete_obj.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_delete_obj_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='delete object from repository (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_delete_obj)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to use')
        subparser.add_argument('ids', metavar='IDs', nargs='+', type=str,
                               help='hex object ID(s) to delete from the repo')

        subparser = debug_parsers.add_parser('delete-obj', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_delete_obj.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_delete_obj_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='delete object from repository (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_delete_obj)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to use')
        subparser.add_argument('ids', metavar='IDs', nargs='+', type=str,
                               help='hex object ID(s) to delete from the repo')

        debug_refcount_obj_epilog = textwrap.dedent("""
        This command displays the reference count for objects from the repository.
        """)
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser('debug-refcount-obj', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_refcount_obj.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_refcount_obj_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='show refcount for object from repository (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_refcount_obj)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to use')
        subparser.add_argument('ids', metavar='IDs', nargs='+', type=str,
                               help='hex object ID(s) to show refcounts for')

        subparser = debug_parsers.add_parser('refcount-obj', parents=[common_parser],
                                          description=self.do_debug_refcount_obj.__doc__,
                                          epilog=debug_refcount_obj_epilog,
                                          formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
                                          help='show refcount for object from repository (debug)')
        subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_debug_refcount_obj)
        subparser.add_argument('location', metavar='REPOSITORY', nargs='?', default='',
                               type=location_validator(archive=False),
                               help='repository to use')
        subparser.add_argument('ids', metavar='IDs', nargs='+', type=str,
                               help='hex object ID(s) to show refcounts for')

        return parser

    def get_args(self, argv, cmd):
        """usually, just returns argv, except if we deal with a ssh forced command for borg serve."""
        result = self.parse_args(argv[1:])
        if cmd is not None and result.func == self.do_serve:
            forced_result = result
            argv = shlex.split(cmd)
            result = self.parse_args(argv[1:])
            if result.func != forced_result.func:
                # someone is trying to execute a different borg subcommand, don't do that!
                return forced_result
            # we only take specific options from the forced "borg serve" command:
            result.restrict_to_paths = forced_result.restrict_to_paths
            result.append_only = forced_result.append_only
        return result

    def parse_args(self, args=None):
        # We can't use argparse for "serve" since we don't want it to show up in "Available commands"
        if args:
            args = self.preprocess_args(args)
        parser = self.build_parser(args)
        args = parser.parse_args(args or ['-h'])
        update_excludes(args)
        return args

    def run(self, args):
        os.umask(args.umask)  # early, before opening files
        self.lock_wait = args.lock_wait
        # This works around http://bugs.python.org/issue9351
        func = getattr(args, 'func', None) or getattr(args, 'fallback_func')
        setup_logging(level=args.log_level, is_serve=func == self.do_serve)  # do not use loggers before this!
        check_extension_modules()
        if is_slow_msgpack():
            logger.warning("Using a pure-python msgpack! This will result in lower performance.")
        return func(args)


def sig_info_handler(sig_no, stack):  # pragma: no cover
    """search the stack for infos about the currently processed file and print them"""
    with signal_handler(sig_no, signal.SIG_IGN):
        for frame in inspect.getouterframes(stack):
            func, loc = frame[3], frame[0].f_locals
            if func in ('process_file', '_process', ):  # create op
                path = loc['path']
                try:
                    pos = loc['fd'].tell()
                    total = loc['st'].st_size
                except Exception:
                    pos, total = 0, 0
                logger.info("{0} {1}/{2}".format(path, format_file_size(pos), format_file_size(total)))
                break
            if func in ('extract_item', ):  # extract op
                path = loc['item'][b'path']
                try:
                    pos = loc['fd'].tell()
                except Exception:
                    pos = 0
                logger.info("{0} {1}/???".format(path, format_file_size(pos)))
                break


def sig_trace_handler(sig_no, stack):  # pragma: no cover
    print('\nReceived SIGUSR2 at %s, dumping trace...' % datetime.now().replace(microsecond=0), file=sys.stderr)
    faulthandler.dump_traceback()


def main():  # pragma: no cover
    # Make sure stdout and stderr have errors='replace') to avoid unicode
    # issues when print()-ing unicode file names
    sys.stdout = ErrorIgnoringTextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer, sys.stdout.encoding, 'replace', line_buffering=True)
    sys.stderr = ErrorIgnoringTextIOWrapper(sys.stderr.buffer, sys.stderr.encoding, 'replace', line_buffering=True)
    # If we receive SIGINT (ctrl-c), SIGTERM (kill) or SIGHUP (kill -HUP),
    # catch them and raise a proper exception that can be handled for an
    # orderly exit.
    # SIGHUP is important especially for systemd systems, where logind
    # sends it when a session exits, in addition to any traditional use.
    # Output some info if we receive SIGUSR1 or SIGINFO (ctrl-t).

    # Register fault handler for SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGABRT, SIGBUS and SIGILL.
    faulthandler.enable()
    with signal_handler('SIGINT', raising_signal_handler(KeyboardInterrupt)), \
         signal_handler('SIGHUP', raising_signal_handler(SigHup)), \
         signal_handler('SIGTERM', raising_signal_handler(SigTerm)), \
         signal_handler('SIGUSR1', sig_info_handler), \
         signal_handler('SIGUSR2', sig_trace_handler), \
         signal_handler('SIGINFO', sig_info_handler):
        archiver = Archiver()
        msg = None
        try:
            args = archiver.get_args(sys.argv, os.environ.get('SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND'))
        except Error as e:
            msg = e.get_message()
            if e.traceback:
                msg += "\n%s\n%s" % (traceback.format_exc(), sysinfo())
            # we might not have logging setup yet, so get out quickly
            print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
            sys.exit(e.exit_code)
        try:
            exit_code = archiver.run(args)
        except Error as e:
            msg = e.get_message()
            if e.traceback:
                msg += "\n%s\n%s" % (traceback.format_exc(), sysinfo())
            exit_code = e.exit_code
        except RemoteRepository.RPCError as e:
            msg = '%s\n%s' % (str(e), sysinfo())
            exit_code = EXIT_ERROR
        except Exception:
            msg = 'Local Exception.\n%s\n%s' % (traceback.format_exc(), sysinfo())
            exit_code = EXIT_ERROR
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            msg = 'Keyboard interrupt.\n%s\n%s' % (traceback.format_exc(), sysinfo())
            exit_code = EXIT_ERROR
        except SigTerm:
            msg = 'Received SIGTERM.'
            exit_code = EXIT_ERROR
        except SigHup:
            msg = 'Received SIGHUP.'
            exit_code = EXIT_ERROR
        if msg:
            logger.error(msg)
        if args.show_rc:
            exit_msg = 'terminating with %s status, rc %d'
            if exit_code == EXIT_SUCCESS:
                logger.info(exit_msg % ('success', exit_code))
            elif exit_code == EXIT_WARNING:
                logger.warning(exit_msg % ('warning', exit_code))
            elif exit_code == EXIT_ERROR:
                logger.error(exit_msg % ('error', exit_code))
            else:
                # if you see 666 in output, it usually means exit_code was None
                logger.error(exit_msg % ('abnormal', exit_code or 666))
        sys.exit(exit_code)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()